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JavaScript stack

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A JavaScript stack is a collection of technologies that use <a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> as a primary programming language across the entire software development process, typically combining front-end and back-end tools to build full-scale web applications. With the rise of <a href="Node.js" title="Node.js">Node.js</a>, JavaScript can now be executed server-side, allowing developers to use a single language for both client and server development. This unification simplifies the development workflow, improves code reuse, and enhances productivity by enabling consistent logic and tooling across the application. JavaScript stacks are often favored for their speed, scalability, and access to a vast ecosystem of libraries and frameworks available through platforms like <a href="Npm" title="Npm">npm</a>. The increasing popularity of these stacks reflects a broader shift toward full-stack JavaScript development in modern web engineering.<a href="#cite_note-:1-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a>

MEAN (<a href="MongoDB" title="MongoDB">MongoDB</a>, <a href="Express.js" title="Express.js">Express.js</a>, <a href="AngularJS" title="AngularJS">AngularJS</a> (or <a href="Angular_(application_platform)" class="mw-redirect" title="Angular (application platform)">Angular</a>), and <a href="Node.js" title="Node.js">Node.js</a>)<a href="#cite_note-:0-5">[5]</a> is a <a href="Source-available" class="mw-redirect" title="Source-available">source-available</a> <a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> <a href="Software_stack" class="mw-redirect" title="Software stack">software stack</a> for building <a href="Dynamic_web_page" title="Dynamic web page">dynamic web sites</a> and <a href="Web_application" title="Web application">web applications</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> A variation known as MERN replaces Angular with <a href="React_(JavaScript_library)" class="mw-redirect" title="React (JavaScript library)">React.js</a> front-end,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> and another named MEVN use <a href="Vue.js" title="Vue.js">Vue.js</a> as <a href="Front-end_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Front-end (computing)">front-end</a>. Because all components of the MEAN stack support programs that are written in JavaScript, MEAN applications can be written in one language for both <a href="Server-side" class="mw-redirect" title="Server-side">server-side</a> and <a href="Client-side" class="mw-redirect" title="Client-side">client-side</a> execution environments. Though often compared directly to other popular web development stacks such as the <a href="LAMP_(software_bundle)" title="LAMP (software bundle)">LAMP stack</a>, the components of the MEAN stack are higher-level including a web application presentation layer and not including an operating system layer.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>

The acronym MEAN was coined by Valeri Karpov.<a href="#cite_note-MongoDBMEANstack-10">[10]</a> He introduced the term in a 2013 blog post and the logo, initially created by Austin Anderson for the original MEAN stack <a href="LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn">LinkedIn</a> group, is an assembly of the first letter of each component of the MEAN acronym.<a href="#cite_note-MeanStackLinkedin-11">[11]</a>

Following the adoption of the MEAN stack, alternative versions emerged to accommodate different front-end preferences while maintaining the same JavaScript-based architecture. The MERN stack substitutes Angular with React.js, a declarative, component-based library developed by Meta (formerly Facebook), which allows for greater flexibility in building dynamic user interfaces. Meanwhile, the MEVN stack integrates Vue.js, a progressive front-end framework known for its gentle learning curve and ease of integration into existing projects. Both variations preserve the core back-end technologies—MongoDB, Express.js, and Node.js—while catering to developers who prefer a different approach to front-end development. These stacks reflect the growing diversification of the JavaScript ecosystem, offering developers choices based on performance, learning preferences, and community support, while still enabling full-stack development using a single programming language.<a href="#cite_note-:1-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Components">Components</h3></div>

The components of MEAN, MERN, and MEVN are:

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="MongoDB">MongoDB</h4></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="MongoDB" title="MongoDB">MongoDB</a></div>

MongoDB is a NoSQL database program that uses JSON-like <a href="BSON" title="BSON">BSON</a> (binary JSON) documents with optional schemas.

The role of the database in the MEAN stack is very commonly filled by MongoDB because its use of JSON-like documents for interacting with data as opposed to the row/column model allows it to integrate well with the other (JavaScript-based) components of the stack.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Express.js">Express.js</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Express.js" title="Express.js">Express.js</a></div>

Express.js (also referred to as Express) is a modular web application framework package for <a href="Node.js" title="Node.js">Node.js</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a>

While Express is capable of acting as an internet-facing web server, even supporting SSL/TLS out of the box, it is often used in conjunction with a <a href="Reverse_proxy" title="Reverse proxy">reverse proxy</a> such as <a href="Nginx" title="Nginx">NGINX</a> or <a href="Apache_HTTP_Server" title="Apache HTTP Server">Apache</a> for performance reasons.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Angular,_React,_or_Vue">Angular, React, or Vue</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="Angular_(web_framework)" title="Angular (web framework)">Angular (web framework)</a>, <a href="React_(JavaScript_library)" class="mw-redirect" title="React (JavaScript library)">React (JavaScript library)</a>, and <a href="Vue.js" title="Vue.js">Vue.js</a></div>

Typically data is fetched using <a href="Ajax_(programming)" title="Ajax (programming)">Ajax</a> techniques and rendered in the browser on the client-side by a client-side application framework. However as the stack is commonly entirely JavaScript-based, in some implementations of the stack, server-side rendering is used. Here the rendering of the initial page can be offloaded to a server. It is used so that the initial data can be prefetched before it is loaded in the user's browser.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Node.js" title="Node.js">Node.js</a></div>

Node.js is the application runtime that the MEAN stack runs on.

The use of Node.js, which is said to represent a "JavaScript Everywhere" paradigm,<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> is integral to the MEAN stack which relies on it.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="JAMstack">JAMstack</h2></div>

JAMstack (also stylized as Jamstack) is a <a href="Web_development" title="Web development">web development</a> <a href="Software_architecture" title="Software architecture">architecture</a> pattern<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> and <a href="Solution_stack" title="Solution stack">solution stack</a>. The acronym "JAM" stands for <a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>, <a href="API" title="API">API</a> and <a href="Markup_language" title="Markup language">Markup</a> (generated by a <a href="Static_site_generator" title="Static site generator">static site generator</a>) and was coined by Mathias (Matt) Biilmann, CEO of <a href="Netlify" title="Netlify">Netlify</a>, in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-:02-20">[20]</a> The idea of combining the use of JavaScript, APIs and markup has existed since the beginnings of <a href="HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a>

In JAMstack websites, the <a href="Application_logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Application logic">application logic</a> typically resides on the client side (for example, an embedded e-commerce checkout service that interacts with pre-rendered static content), without being tightly coupled to a <a href="Backend_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Backend (computing)">backend</a> server. JAMstack sites are usually served with a <a href="Git" title="Git">Git</a>-based or <a href="Headless_content_management_system" title="Headless content management system">headless CMS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_stacks">Other stacks</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="OS-level_stacks">OS-level stacks</h3></div>

<dd><a href="MongoDB" title="MongoDB">MongoDB</a> (database)</dd>

<dd><a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> (operating system)</dd>

<dd><a href="Varnish_(software)" title="Varnish (software)">Varnish (software)</a> (frontend cache)</dd>

<dd><a href="Node.js" title="Node.js">Node.js</a> (JavaScript runtime)</dd>

<dt>WISAV/WIPAV</dt>

<dd><a href="Windows_Server" title="Windows Server">Windows Server</a> (operating system)</dd>

<dd><a href="Internet_Information_Services" title="Internet Information Services">Internet Information Services</a> (web server)</dd>

<dd><a href="Microsoft_SQL_Server" title="Microsoft SQL Server">Microsoft SQL Server</a>/<a href="PostgreSQL" title="PostgreSQL">PostgreSQL</a> (database)</dd>

<dd><a href="ASP.NET" title="ASP.NET">ASP.NET</a> (backend web framework)</dd>

<dd><a href="Vue.js" title="Vue.js">Vue.js</a> (frontend web framework)</dd></dl>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="OS-agnostic_web_stacks">OS-agnostic web stacks</h3></div>

<dl><dt>GRANDstack<a href="#cite_note-GrandStack-25">[25]</a></dt>

<dd><a href="GraphQL" title="GraphQL">GraphQL</a> (data query and manipulation language)</dd>

<dd><a href="React_(web_framework)" class="mw-redirect" title="React (web framework)">React</a> (web application presentation)</dd>

<dd><a href="Meteor_(web_framework)" title="Meteor (web framework)">Apollo</a> (Data Graph Platform)</dd>

<dd><a href="Neo4j" title="Neo4j">Neo4j</a> (<a href="Database_management_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Database management system">database management systems</a>)</dd></dl>

<dd><a href="PostgreSQL" title="PostgreSQL">PostgreSQL</a> (database)</dd>

<dd><a href="Express.js" title="Express.js">Express.js</a> (application controller layer)</dd>

<dd><a href="React_(JavaScript_library)" class="mw-redirect" title="React (JavaScript library)">React (JavaScript library)</a> (web application presentation)</dd>

<dd><a href="Node.js" title="Node.js">Node.js</a> (JavaScript runtime)</dd></dl>

<dd><a href="TerminusDB" title="TerminusDB">TerminusDB</a> (scalable <a href="Graph_database" title="Graph database">graph database</a>)</dd>

<dd><a href="React_(web_framework)" class="mw-redirect" title="React (web framework)">React</a> (<a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> web framework)</dd>

<dd><a href="Express.js" title="Express.js">Express</a>.js (framework for <a href="Node.js" title="Node.js">Node.js</a>)</dd></dl>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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